In the context of food insecurity exacerbated by climate change, urban market gardening is emerging as an alternative. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the efficacy of Azadirachta indica oil with a synthetic chemical product in order to effectively control cabbage pests and diseases. The data collected and analysed during the two campaigns in 2023 and 2024 made it possible to observe the potential pests of Brassica oleracea, as well as their dynamics during the different growth stages. As for diseases, samples of diseased plant organs (leaves) were taken for laboratory analysis. The most representative species in the plots were aphids Brevicoryne brassicae (Linnaeus, 1758), followed by whitefly Aleyrodes proletella (Linnaeus, 1758). Defoliating caterpillars were the most closely targeted, namely Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus, 1758) followed by the whitefly Aleyrodes proletella (Linnaeus, 1758). Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus, 1758), Spodoptera exigua (Hübner, 1808), pieris brassica (Linnaeus, 1758) and Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval, 1833) were the most common defoliating caterpillars. In terms of efficacy, the plots that received neem oil applications recorded the fewest plagues for the two campaigns, and yields varied between 29.51 and 11.86 t/ha for 2023 and 26.8 and 8.69 t/ha for 2024. Analysis of fungal diseases on cabbage leaves identified three species: Alternaria brassicae, Fusarium oxysporum and Aspergillus flavus. This study enabled us to assess the effectiveness of neem oil in reducing the threat of cabbage pests. It emerged that the integration by growers of the use of neem oil is an effective and efficient alternative to synthetic pesticides.