Nigeria faces acute challenges to agricultural productivity arising from intensifying climate variability, land degradation, and a rapidly growing population projected to exceed 400 million by 2050. Climate-smart agriculture (CSA), underpinned by precision farming technologies, offers a transformative pathway to sustaining food security while reducing greenhouse gas emissions and building resilience. This review synthesises current evidence on the adoption, performance, and barriers of precision farming tools, including remote sensing, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), Internet of Things (IoT) sensors, variable rate technology (VRT), and artificial intelligence (AI), within the Nigerian agricultural context. A structured narrative review of peer-reviewed literature published between 2020 and 2025 was conducted, drawing on studies indexed in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and AGRIS. Findings reveal that precision farming adoption in Nigeria remains low-to-nascent, constrained by high equipment costs, inadequate rural infrastructure, limited digital literacy, and policy implementation gaps. Nevertheless, emerging public–private partnerships, the National Agricultural Technology and Innovation Policy (NATIP) 2022–2027, and mobile digital advisory services present credible pathways for accelerated uptake. The review underscores that integrating precision technologies into existing smallholder farming systems, aligned with Nigeria’s Nationally Determined Contributions, can simultaneously address food insecurity and climate change mitigation. Future research should prioritise context-specific, low-cost precision tools, farmer co-design approaches, and robust policy financing mechanisms to operationalise CSA at scale across Nigeria’s diverse agroecological zones.