Coffee (Coffea spp.) is a globally important perennial crop that supports millions of livelihoods and contributes significantly to the agricultural economy of tropical and subtropical regions. However, coffee production is increasingly threatened by abiotic stresses such as drought, heat, cold, salinity, and nutrient deficiency, which are exacerbated by climate change. These stressors disrupt key physiological processes including photosynthesis, water relations, and growth, leading to reduced yield and bean quality. At the biochemical level, stress induces oxidative damage through the overproduction of reactive oxygen species, triggering antioxidant defense systems, osmolyte accumulation, and secondary metabolite synthesis. At the molecular level, coffee plants respond through complex regulatory networks involving stress-responsive genes, signal transduction pathways, transcription factors, and multi-omics mechanisms. This review synthesizes current knowledge on physiological, biochemical, and molecular responses of coffee to abiotic stress and highlights key adaptation and tolerance mechanisms. In addition, it examines management and mitigation strategies, including agronomic practices, breeding approaches, and biotechnological tools for improving stress resilience. Understanding these integrated responses is essential for developing climate-resilient coffee production systems and ensuring long-term sustainability under changing environmental conditions.