Recent population growth observed in many sub-Saharan African countries has negative repercussions, affecting food supply (Manirakiza, 2012). It leads to increasing poverty, malnutrition (Razuri, 2014) and is linked to the effects of climate change (Springmann et al., 2018; Weindl et al., 2020). Mushroom cultivation, as an alternative agricultural practice, offers a promising prospect for food security and economic empowerment, especially in rural communities where women play a central role in agriculture. Teaching mushroom cultivation to women could therefore make them self-sufficient while reducing food insecurity; because as (Jacquelin, 2018) states in her article entitled “gender and food insecurity” “Food security for women can have positive and considerable impacts on the children in their care.” Given the importance of edible mushrooms and the fact that there are still few studies focusing on this crop, we deemed it relevant to conduct research in the Giheta commune with the aim of analyzing the effects of adopting edible mushroom cultivation on the food security of households in Kiremera hill in the Giheta commune.